Business Models

  • OTW Fannews: Technology and Legal Notes

    By Claudia Rebaza on Tuesday, 27 November 2012 - 6:09pm
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    • New business models and tech applications continue to roll out new possibilities for fans, whether it's the FanFictionDownLoader plug-in for Calibre or Humble Bundle. "Humble Bundle operates on the idea of packaging products into a 'humble bundle' for which fans can pay whatever amount they want for music and games, then allowing them to portion their payment out between artists and charities—plus a 'tip' for Humble Bundle itself." The first Humble Ebook Bundle has turned out to be a big success. "The average price that customers are choosing to pay for this bundle is unprecedented at over $14. This is, by far, the highest average we have ever experienced for a pay-what-you-want promotion, and we believe it is a great indication for the future of ebooks and Humble Bundle."
    • While Humble Bundle's Ebook success was boosted by the buy-in of various celebrity authors, The Learned Fangirl takes a more skeptical view of the power of celebrity versus personal interest. "Recently Justin Timberlake decided to invest in MySpace.com with the promise to revamp it and make it bigger and better than it ever was. The plan is to re-brand it as an 'online community for artists to connect with their fans.'" But celebrity power may not be enough to power a social network. "Take a look at Oprah, for example. She is undeniably one of the most influential people on this planet..She could make or break people’s careers by her recommendations. When she decided to buy her own network, conveniently named 'OWN,' you didn’t see the massive flock to her channel the way we all predicted."
    • One reason that music fans may prefer their own spaces is due to legal restrictions on their activities at creator sponsored sites. The RIAA has long been notorious for its pursuit of music fans through legislation and the courts. Now "[t]he independent consulting firm responsible for making sure you don’t get unfairly punished for downloading copyrighted content this fall has actually functioned for years as a paid lobbyist for the Recording Industry Association of America." It's still unclear how CAS "[a]lso known as the 'six strikes' system" will function but its purpose is to force "the five most popular Internet service providers (ISPs) in the U.S. to issue up to six graduated warnings and punishments to those who use peer-to-peer file sharing software."
    • Another litigation-happy entity, Disney, recently raised concerns among fans in regards to the future of Star Wars fan films now that it will own Lucasfilms. It will likely remain in their best interest to accommodate fanworks in a future where even business publication Forbes decides to offer legal advice about publishing fanfiction.

    Have you made Star Wars fan films? Are you a music fan concerned about legal restrictions on your fandom? Why not discuss it in at Fanlore? Contributions are welcome from all fans.

    We want your suggestions! If you know of an essay, video, article, podcast, or link you think we should know about, comment on the most recent OTW Fannews post. Links are welcome in all languages! Submitting a link doesn't guarantee that it will be included in a roundup post, and inclusion of a link doesn't mean that it is endorsed by the OTW.

  • OTW Fannews: Fanfiction and Publishing

    By Claudia Rebaza on Tuesday, 6 November 2012 - 8:15pm
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    • An article in Publishing Perspectives looked at what fanfiction could teach the publishing industry. "The way the best fanfiction relates to its source content, its questioning, at times analytical, and often philosophical and political interrogation of the certainties and assertions of the original Text could be seen as analogous to the rewriting of the settled narrative of publishing by tech startups. Those startups come not from publishing but often from engineering, computer science, and mathematical backgrounds, shaking up the staid world of the publishing industry, adding 50 shades of sexiness (or nerdiness) to the old print-bound linear processes and outputs. A few years ago, the publishing industry was certain of its borders, convinced of its rights, sure of its power, definite about who the main characters were in their narrative, and what their respective roles were. The gaps that it didn’t see — the enormous possibilities of agile processes, digital bits and bytes, content as data, the high speed distribution over connections that the print world couldn’t even begin to imagine — were explored by the tech startups on the fringes. They put everything into question."
    • Certainly one way publishers are trying to utilize fanfiction comes from contests, encouraging not just writing but recording as in this recent item at Bookseller.com: "AudioGO has challenged five fan fiction authors from the Twilight Fandom (www.fanfiction.net), the original source of Fifty Shades of Grey, to write an original young adult story exclusively for audio" where winners would be chosen by a public vote. The citation of Fanfiction.net as a type of publisher, however, indicates a confusion over fandom, its practices, and its posting sites, that gets expressed in various ways. In a piece on Fifty Shades of Grey (which also quoted OTW Legal Committee chair Rebecca Tushnet's work), the New York Review of Books copied a banner without permission or attribution to the banner’s creator, instead crediting the publication from which the New York Review copied it.
    • An increasing number of outlets are beginning to write more thoughtfully about fanfiction, particularly as one writer after another begins to land large book deals. The Guardian discusses how "fan fiction is an inventive antidote to a PR-obsessed entertainment industry" and a genuine expression of real life experiences. "Fan fiction is making teenagers better writers and better satirists, and allowing them to explore sexuality in a way decided by them rather than dictated by the entertainment industry. A purity ring doesn't carry much meaning when Ron Weasley is pulling it off with his teeth."
    • Of course, the eagerness of publishers to find the next big hit is often a world away from fanfiction archives making it on their own. In an interview with the owner and head moderator of AdultFanFiction.net, OTW staffer Aja Romano shines a light on its history and inner workings. "AFF which turned 10 years old this month, is one of the largest fanfiction collections on the Internet. Over 140,000 registered users have generated nearly nine gigabytes of fan-generated stories, written by and for adults, and much of it X-rated." The archive is moderated and run with a very small staff and was hit by a flood of new users from Fanfiction.net, as were other fanfiction archives. "We had 10,000 alone in June, and we check each new registration."

    If you're a fanfiction writer, or have your own publishing experiences to share, why not do it in Fanlore? Contributions are welcome from all fans.

    We want your suggestions! If you know of an essay, video, article, podcast, or link you think we should know about, comment on the most recent OTW Fannews post. Links are welcome in all languages! Submitting a link doesn't guarantee that it will be included in a roundup post, and inclusion of a link doesn't mean that it is endorsed by the OTW.

  • Links roundup for 3 July 2012

    By Claudia Rebaza on Tuesday, 3 July 2012 - 6:34pm
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    Here's a roundup of age of fandom stories in the news that might be of interest to fans:

    • Anyone still in any doubt that fanworks, particularly fanfiction, has broken through as an activity and genre of writing need only look at the variety of sources producing stories on it within the past year. In the last month the Wall Street Journal was added to the list, posting a feature on fanfiction itself which cited OTW board member Naomi Novik and Legal chair Rebecca Tushnet, a video interview with the feature story's writer about her piece, a spotlight on former fanfic writer Cassandra Clare, and a blog post with fanfic samples. The blog post, strangely, avoided linking to any of the actual stories or to Fanfiction.net, Twitter, Tumblr, or LiveJournal, though it did link to the AO3 and Wattpad.
    • Wattpad itself made news recently because of its venture capital fundraising, but an article in Gigaom noted its importance in fanfiction circles: "[Venture capitalist] Andrew Chung said he believes that Wattpad can transform the world of writing and publishing in the same way that YouTube has transformed the world of video. Although the five-year-old company only has 15 employees, Chung said Wattpad has produced 'an absolutely phenomenal amount of growth' with very little investment so far."
    • Tumblr may not be much of a fanfiction archive, but it is certainly a hotbed of fanart and fannish activity in general. Editor-in-Chief Chris Mohney created a list of the ten most popular user-generated tags, four of which represented music fandoms, one the series Legend of Korra, and two that represented Loki and its actor, Tom Hiddleston.
    • The success of The Avengers was what led Deseret News to declare the rise of an increasingly prominent moviegoing demographic: young female fans, "who will stay up and pay up to see their heroines and heartthrobs come to life on the big screen — even at midnight, even on a school night. Their devotion takes a number of forms, from costumes to conventions to their own creative twists on the stories they so cherish." The article went on to briefly detail fannish history, its fanworks, various fans, and mentioned "Filmmaker Hansi Oppenheimer [sic] is in the midst of making a documentary on this community, said 'you kind of expect people to be kind of geeky and they're not, they have jobs and families.' Oppenheimer is intrigued by how 'passionate (fans [sic] fiction writers) are about the stories they're telling.'"

    If you're a Legend of Korra fan, an Avengers fan, a fanfiction writer or have favorite fanworks you'd like to see cited, why not write about them in Fanlore? Additions are welcome from all fans.

    We want your suggestions! If you know of an essay, video, article, event, or link you think we should know about, comment on the most recent Links Roundup — on transformativeworks.org, LJ, or DW — or give @OTW_News a shoutout on Twitter. Links are welcome in all languages!

    Submitting a link doesn't guarantee that it will be included in a roundup post, and inclusion of a link doesn't mean that it is endorsed by the OTW.

  • Links roundup for 26 June 2012

    By Claudia Rebaza on Tuesday, 26 June 2012 - 3:07pm
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    Here's a roundup of fan fiction in peril stories that might be of interest to fans:

    • At the beginning of June, fan discussion began to be seen at numerous sites raising the alarm over fanfic disappearing from Fanfiction.net (FFN). These actions were attributed to a vocal group of critics among FFN users who wanted to drive the site to enforce the content policy it put in place in 2001 and 2002, which caused the first wave of fans to leave the site. While some users protested the validity of the site's actions, and grassroots efforts such as petitions have been started, to date there is no certain explanation of what prompted the new wave of takedowns.
    • One response by fans has been the creation of new multifandom fanfic archives or increased traffic directed to existing sites, including the OTW's own AO3. However the size of the user base at FFN and the number of people affected make it unlikely that existing sites will be able to easily absorb the quantity of fans seeking new locations for their work. Wikinews has created an ongoing story of the reactions by fans on various fronts.
    • The actions at FFN have largely been ignored by the wider media. One exception has been a story at the Huffington Post which called attention to this failure in coverage. "If the only difference between a piece of fanfiction and a bestselling novel is the changing of character names and places, then is the mass deletion of thousands of stories without warning something that should be bigger news than a handful of Tumblr posts? There is a cultural hierarchy of taste at play here, one which places fanfiction as lowbrow geek fodder undeserving of any real attention. Were a library filled with thousands of works of 'legitimate' fiction destroyed, it would make front-page news." While focusing on the effects of the lost fanfic, not mentioned in the piece was the loss to the authors of response to their works which, unlike the work itself, would not be able to recreated at another site, or the loss to readers of bookmarked works which they might be able to return to or recommend to others. In short, the community aspect of reading and writing in a particular location is a key factor in what is being lost.

    If you're a fan fiction writer or have used FanFiction.net, why not contribute to Fanlore? Additions are welcome from all fans.

    We want your suggestions! If you know of an essay, video, article, event, or link you think we should know about, comment on the most recent Links Roundup — on transformativeworks.org, LJ, or DW — or give @OTW_News a shoutout on Twitter. Links are welcome in all languages!

    Submitting a link doesn't guarantee that it will be included in a roundup post, and inclusion of a link doesn't mean that it is endorsed by the OTW.

  • Links roundup for 19 June 2012

    By Claudia Rebaza on Tuesday, 19 June 2012 - 5:21pm
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    Here's a roundup of media use stories that might be of interest to fans:

    • The French model three strikes law against those downloading copyrighted content has been delayed in the U.S. -- for now. "The proposed Copyright Alerts system has been delayed to an unspecified date. Often referred to as “Six Strikes and You’re Out,” the policy was supposed to have been implemented in July 2012. Under it, Internet service providers like Time Warner and Verizon would voluntarily punish their customers who repeatedly use peer-to-peer filesharing software to illegally download copyrighted material." So far the French law has reduced illegal downloading but hasn't boosted media sales the way its sponsors wanted.
    • Speaking of downloading, more U.S. fans will run into online restrictions in 2012. C|Net wrote about Verizon and Comcast enacting data caps. "The sad reality is that while it's a great market penetration strategy, unlimited data is simply not a sustainable economic model," said Guy Rosen, CEO of Onavo, a wireless application that helps people control data usage. "Supply is limited by the laws of physics and demand is simply exploding. Verizon's statement adds to AT&T's throttling debacle of earlier this year, ushering us into a future where all data has a price tag. It's now clear that operators will find any loophole they can to eradicate grandfathered unlimited contracts." Most of the heavy use is blamed on "video, particularly high-definition video. Services like Netflix, Hulu, and Youtube account for huge amounts of traffic on the network."
    • Meanwhile one particularly popular video was taken down from YouTube temporarily due to copyright claims. "Rickrolling is the practice of promising a victim one link but directing them instead to Rick Astley’s 1987 music video, 'Never Gonna Give You Up,' instead." The takedown was particularly odd given the longevity of rickrolling and how "On April Fools' Day in 2008, [YouTube itself] rickrolled viewers by redirecting every video on the front page to Astley’s video." The video was later restored with no explanation.
    • Lastly, major league baseball is sponsoring social media nights at its games. The events "vary from ballpark to ballpark, but some aspects are fairly consistent. The Cubs offered specially priced tickets and put together contests for their online fans. They encouraged their Twitter followers to use the hashtag (hash)CubsSocial to mark their tweets throughout the night. Other teams "hold in-game scavenger hunts that award autographed memorabilia or team apparel, and some clubs put together contests that result in upgraded tickets for their online followers." Other teams follow people's special events and surprise them with gift packs at the stadiums. "It's about fan engagement and the ability then to be able to enter into that discussion, and not being too corporate, but helping lead and participate in that conversation," Nationals chief operating officer Andy Feffer said. "Why? Because the social media platform is now an access point — to the club, to the players, to promotions, to ticket sales, to the story that's being told. And the story really lives now in the social media world."

    If you're a baseball fan, or follow copyright issues, why not contribute to Fanlore? Additions are welcome from all fans.

    We want your suggestions! If you know of an essay, video, article, event, or link you think we should know about, comment on the most recent Links Roundup — on transformativeworks.org, LJ, or DW — or give @OTW_News a shoutout on Twitter. Links are welcome in all languages!

    Submitting a link doesn't guarantee that it will be included in a roundup post, and inclusion of a link doesn't mean that it is endorsed by the OTW.

  • Links Roundup for 30 May 2012

    By Camden on Wednesday, 30 May 2012 - 7:14pm
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    Here's a roundup of group gathering stories that might be of interest to fans:

    • The Walt Disney Archives and Disney fan club D23 is putting on a show called Fanniversary. The presentaton is "a celebration of movies, TV shows, attractions, characters and all things Disney that are celebrating milestones in 2012. It’s a roughly 90-minute presentation filled with rare and never-seen-in-public clips, audio, photographs, art and more, touring the country for the first time ever." The six city tour had already sold out when it launched.
    • Another fannish event in Southern California was centered on bronies, and the first ever local meeting got an extensive write-up in The Los Angeles Times. "Stephen Thomas, from Claremont, became something of a brony celebrity when he based his senior high school physics presentation on 'MLP' last year. A video shot in the classroom and posted online quickly went viral; it has racked up nearly 1 million views. Thomas, now at Cal Poly Pomona, said he’d been concerned initially about reaction from his schoolmates. 'I wondered if I’d be a laughingstock for admitting how much I liked the show,' he said. 'But people didn’t think it was silly or dumb.'" They plan to hold their first convention in November.
    • Sequential Tart wrote about yet another Southern California gathering, this one academic and business oriented, Transmedia, Hollywood 3: Rethinking Creative Relations. Unfortunately, one of the panels that was perhaps of particular concern to fans, "Working on the Margins: Who Pays for Transformative Works of Art?", was rather inconclusive. "One of the audience questions posted to the question website asked the panelists to actually address the questions posed in the title of the panel. I had been enjoying the panel, but as soon as that question popped up on the screen, I reflected on it. I'm not sure that the panel addressed the question at all. They talked about their personal experiences, and Mike Farah was pinned down on a question about where Funny or Die pays for stuff, but even then the answer was not super informative. I came away from the panel wondering who indeed pays for transformative works of art and multimedia projects like those being mentioned at this conference? How do some of these people make a living? Where is the profit in things done for free and / or by the Average Joe?"
    • Finally in France a conference on "La Culture du Fan Symposium" was held, which took a more fan-focused approach to some of the same issues, featuring a panel on fan-subbing, brand fans, opera fans, an examination of the term "acafan" and a panel looking at "cultural policy and copyright law in fan production...[and] how fan activity had now entered the political arena, with their practices increasingly monitored by media producers."

    If you're a fan of Disney, My Little Pony, or have your own fan gathering stories, why not contribute them to Fanlore? Additions are welcome from all fans.

    We want your suggestions! If you know of an essay, video, article, event, or link you think we should know about, comment on the most recent Links Roundup — on transformativeworks.org, LJ, or DW — or give @OTW_News a shoutout on Twitter. Links are welcome in all languages!

    Submitting a link doesn't guarantee that it will be included in a roundup post, and inclusion of a link doesn't mean that it is endorsed by the OTW.

  • Links roundup for 2 January 2012

    By Claudia Rebaza on Monday, 2 January 2012 - 8:12pm
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    The Futures of Entertainment conference was held at MIT over November 11-13 and several panels dealt with fan topics. Videos of conference panels are now available. One was of "Collaboration? Emerging Models for Audiences to Participate in Entertainment Decision-Making". The panelists were Jamin Warren, whose interest is in video games, Seung Bak whose business streams international films, and C. Lee Harrington, a sociologist who has studied soap opera fans and is focusing on aging audiences.

    • The panel began by discussing how fans are influencing corporate decision makers, starting with the case of the Hoover corporation to partner with soap fans to protest the cancellation of All My Children. They also touched on fan subbing communities, and how foreign content such as Korean dramas or telenovelas from Latin America have language barriers to their distribution. Bak said that 80% of his site's content is subtitled through crowd sourcing. This led into a discussion of content creation tools being given to video game communities.
    • There is more of a focus on international audiences for products that are flops in their home countries since they may become popular in other locations and to other audiences. Bak said that although 80% of his site's content was Korean in origin, his audience of users is only around 30% Asian, with 15% being Hispanic, 15% African American and 30% Caucasian. Harrington mentioned that age may be a factor in content reception since older audiences do not generally see participation as part of their role as media consumers. Warren agreed, noting that games need to be marketed based on what people like to do with the games, rather than their demographics.
    • Another topic broached was how credit is given to participants outside the business model. Warren cited Defense of the Ancients and the complications for games in how the copyright law applies to them, as well as their team-based authorship. There was then a discussion about fan-curation experts, and different paths for fans to follow, whether to professional work or simple play. Warren mentioned that professionals also need to be able to balance their creative work and their need to work for clients. The panel concluded by circling the issue of how valuable audience contributions can be solicited and rewarded.
    • An example of solicitation and rewards to an audience can be seen in the Worldbuilder experiment announced by Angry Robot. "In January, when we publish...Empire State, we’ll be inviting fan creators everywhere to visit...and create their own works of art based in the Empire State universe. These creations can then be uploaded to a dedicated website, and distributed under a Creative Commons license. The best of these will be featured in a number of “Best of” anthologies (with most of the proceeds going to the creators)."

    If you are part of a gaming or a fansub community, or in a soap opera fandom, why not contribute to Fanlore? Additions are welcome from all fans.

    We want your suggestions! If you know of an essay, video, article, event, or link you think we should know about, comment on the most recent Links Roundup — on transformativeworks.org, LJ, or DW — or give @OTW_News a shoutout on Twitter. Links are welcome in all languages!

    Submitting a link doesn't guarantee that it will be included in a roundup post, and inclusion of a link doesn't mean that it is endorsed by the OTW.

  • Links Roundup for 12 December 2011

    By Claudia Rebaza on Monday, 12 December 2011 - 7:04pm
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    Here's a roundup of stories on art and entertainment business models that might be of interest to fans:

    • In a series of posts, media scholar Henry Jenkins featured transmedia designer and theorist Brian Clark's discussion about business models for entertainment including "Fan Incubation" and "Fan Funding." "In the past, fan development was slow (for example, the way fan correspondence saved H.P. Lovecraft's works from disappearing) or physical (like the "make record and tour college towns" model of independent musicians like John Vanderslice). The age of the Internet has revolutionized the ability for creators and fans to have rich, meaningful interactions that have led to successes."
    • Many fans have embraced the idea of Creative Commons licenses for their work, but as this article points out, its terms are often misunderstood and misused. "Creative Commons has been a force for good on the web, letting people share their work with others and making it easier to let them define the terms of that sharing." However, "what does “noncommercial” mean? Creative Commons isn’t very helpful here. Their definition of “commercial” is “in any manner that is primarily intended for or directed toward commercial advantage or private monetary compensation.”...Selling the photo would certainly seem to count as “commercial.” But is using the photo on a web page that also has ads on it — is that commercial?"
    • Another post points out "Wired isn’t the only for-profit publisher using noncommercial CC images." Confusion exists over the purpose of a business and the use of a particular work. "[T]he question is whether noncommercial means the same thing as nonprofit. A nonprofit institution can still buy and sell things; a for-profit institution can engage in lots of behavior that isn’t explicitly commercial." As one science photographer pointed out "Creative Commons only functions properly when both content creators and content users have the same understanding of the simplified CC contract." This certainly calls into question how useful YouTube's move in June was to allow users to embed Creative Commons licenses, even beyond the fact that they only enabled one form of the license, which allows commercial re-use of the work.

    If you use Creative Commons licenses or are interested in fannish business models, why not contribute to Fanlore? Additions are welcome from all fans.

    We want your suggestions! If you know of an essay, video, article, event, or link you think we should know about, comment on the most recent Links Roundup — on transformativeworks.org, LJ, or DW — or give @OTW_News a shoutout on Twitter. Links are welcome in all languages!

    Submitting a link doesn't guarantee that it will be included in a roundup post, and inclusion of a link doesn't mean that it is endorsed by the OTW.

  • Links Roundup for 9 November 2011

    By Claudia Rebaza on Wednesday, 9 November 2011 - 4:20pm
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    Here's a roundup of stories on fan relations with entertainment industries that might be of interest to fans:

    • The Social Media Examiner did a video interview with Carri Bugbee about fan fiction and social media as a brand issue for creators. She was unfamiliar with fan fiction when she began tweeting as the Mad Men character Peggy Olson, so she seemed unaware there was a particular term for what she and the other characters do, RPG. She agreed that some people believed that the RPG was a campaign by AMC, Mad Men's network, especially as Twitter was not well known at the time. She explained though that she was more a fan of Twitter than Mad Men so that her participation was more of a social experiment. However, AMC's response was to suspend the Twitter accounts of the RPG participants only a week after they began tweeting together. She described angry fan reaction, and how the accounts were restored in 24 hours with the request that participants should contact AMC's digital marketing department. Her takeaway for companies is that if they don't manage their characters across the web, that others would and the results might not be what the brands would want. The way she approached her participation was to avoid doing anything she wouldn't do if she were getting paid for the job. The interviewer suggested that fan activities were a boon for brands as they were free advertising, but Bugbee warned that fans could not necessarily be co-opted and might be doing things brands didn't like, so they should be bribed with attention and goodies from the brand owners. She concluded that given the usual marketing costs, these expenses would "be nothing."
    • In a guest post at AllThingsD titled Music for Nothing and the Fans for Free a venture capitalist concluded that "When the dust finally settles between the artists, labels, and distribution companies, everyone will finally realize fans are more valuable than recorded music. As traditional monetization models for recorded music sales slowly fade away, new monetization methods centered on the fan will emerge."

    If you're part of Mad Men or a music fandom, why not contribute to Fanlore? Additions are welcome from all fans.

    We want your suggestions! If you know of an essay, video, article, event, or link you think we should know about, comment on the most recent Links Roundup — on transformativeworks.org, LJ, or DW — or give @OTW_News a shoutout on Twitter. Links are welcome in all languages!

    Submitting a link doesn't guarantee that it will be included in a roundup post, and inclusion of a link doesn't mean that it is endorsed by the OTW.

  • Links Roundup for 24 October 2011

    By Claudia Rebaza on Monday, 24 October 2011 - 2:49pm
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    Here's a roundup of stories on fandom and creator interactions that might be of interest to fans:

    • This Magazine featured professional book fans Book Madam & Associates who "spread their appreciation through blogs, tweets, and occasional podcasts, events, DJ playlists, and online comics clumsily drawn in Microsoft Paint" from various Canadian cities. The group is focused not only on the interests of readers but on increasing the success of books in the marketplace. "A new returns policy instituted by Indigo Books & Music will soon see Canada’s largest retail book chain sending books back to publishers 45 days after they’ve been ordered, slicing in half the long-standing 90-day returns term. That means some books will have only a month and a half to make an impact on readers."
    • While Book Madam is trying to promote the medium of books, some fans are banding together to promote artists directly. This has usually been done collectively, but in one case, a fan was the sole sponsor of a musical tour: "A physician by trade, Tanaka loves independent, underground music from Japan, not something Toronto tends to have in abundance." Rather than continue to go to Japan to enjoy his favorite bands, Tanaka decided to bring them to Canada. Speaking of his $30,000 in losses, Tanaka pointed out “I could buy a car, but I already have a car. What’s that going to do for me? These are memories of a lifetime.”
    • Taking a contrary view, a blogger at Game Informer asks "How Much Should the Gamer Influence the Game?" After pointing out how fans flesh out the characters and storylines in a game, Oni no Tenshi adds "Bottom line here is that the fans of a series often dictate certain things, which result in the change of gameplay options, story arcs, and even characters themselves. Sometimes it's even more insidious-it's based on "market research" or "test audiences" that basically curtail or squash creativity in gaming stories and ideas simply because games are first and foremost a commercial endeavor and not purely available as artistic and creative outlets."

    If you're part of a gaming, music, or book fandom, why not contribute your perspectives to Fanlore? Contributions are welcome from all fans.

    We want your suggestions! If you know of an essay, video, article, event, or link you think we should know about, comment on the most recent Links Roundup — on transformativeworks.org, LJ, or DW — or give @OTW_News a shoutout on Twitter. Links are welcome in all languages!

    Submitting a link doesn't guarantee that it will be included in a roundup post, and inclusion of a link doesn't mean that it is endorsed by the OTW.

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