Gender and Sexuality

  • Links roundup for 27 February 2012

    By Claudia Rebaza on Monday, 27 February 2012 - 7:52pm
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    Here's a roundup of stories on fan practices that might be of interest to fans:

    • A feature in Parade Magazine titled Inside the Mind of a Superfan discussed the level of commitment of the most avid fans. Fans place their fannishness "above other social commitments. “I’ve missed countless baby showers and wedding showers because they’ve conflicted with Eagles games,” says Kelli Gail, 41, a communications consultant and lifelong Philadelphia Eagles fan. When a good friend got married during the playoffs a few years ago, she spent the majority of the wedding reception in the coat closet watching the game on a handheld TV." Or to put it another way "“I’m a passionate guy,” Big Lo explains. “My motto is, if you’re gonna love something, just love it, you know?”" One thing powering that love may be "chemical changes. ­“Researchers from Georgia State University studied soccer players and extreme soccer fans and found that both groups exhibited the same increase in testosterone levels after a victory, and decrease in testosterone after a loss,” says Robert Cialdini, a professor of psychology and marketing at ­Arizona State University. “These fans are almost physically merged with the team in terms of their hormonal states.”
    • Certainly hormonal states can be in evidence in fandom grief. In a fun piece Rookie Magazine breaks down the denial in fans that their small fandom can conquer the world. "It’s a beautiful thing, actually, to leave the dark side of fandom. You like things, but they’re not who you are. You enjoy yourself, but you’re not going to be traumatized if you don’t get to enjoy yourself in the exact same ways all the time. You aren’t a “fan,” you’re a person who likes stuff. As a wise TV show once said, “I guess I just like liking things.”"
    • Entertainment Weekly ran a piece in its February 17, 2012 issue called "Just Do It" (subtitled "TV's Weirdest Fans") which focused on the shipping aspects of fandom. "Most showrunners in Hollywood consider shippers to be a minority voice..."But they really are your core audience and you can gauge the level of investment of your entire fan base by their interactions with you." The article cites academics, including the OTW's Kristina Busse, to provide the details of key fandom shipping events, provides a handful of definitions such as slash, shipper wars and Wincesters, and features several fans in a sidebar. The article concludes that most networks would like to have a shipper driven show because "They're cheaper, easier to manage, and inspire the same buzzy interconnectivity that sci-fi does. They also encourage the thing that TV needs more than anything: passionate loyalty over time."

    If you are a shipper, a sports fan, or in a small fandom, why not contribute to Fanlore? Additions are welcome from all fans.

    We want your suggestions! If you know of an essay, video, article, event, or link you think we should know about, comment on the most recent Links Roundup — on transformativeworks.org, LJ, or DW — or give @OTW_News a shoutout on Twitter. Links are welcome in all languages!

    Submitting a link doesn't guarantee that it will be included in a roundup post, and inclusion of a link doesn't mean that it is endorsed by the OTW.

  • Links roundup for 17 February 2012

    By Claudia Rebaza on Friday, 17 February 2012 - 4:41pm
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    Here's a roundup of stories on commodification of fandom that might be of interest to fans:

    • AdWeek wrote about a new branding service called "FanDNA, and it’s pitching itself as an alternative to the established Marketing Evaluations’ Q ratings by matching brands with celebrities." The survey is intended to find out what the fans of a given celebrity like as a way of better utilizing celebrities to market products.
    • Ad Age utilized online conversation to determine who were the NFL teams' truest fans. "To find where the true fans lie, back in August we took a look at the volume of team conversations coming from true fans during the off-season. We re-ran the date to see how this played out during the season." The ultimate purpose, of course, was to determine how best to utilize fans for marketing. "Brands outside the NFL can learn from all of this. There are true fans and bandwagon fans. In a brands case, true fans are often referred to as advocates or champions. A social campaign should start from the point of view of the true fans."
    • Perhaps spurred by the success of Big Bang Theory as one of the most popular shows on U.S. television, several more series are airing around the globe that focus on fans. One of these is Kevin Smith's Comic Book Men, an unscripted series focusing on a New Jersey comic book shop. Australian TV's Outland just began airing as well, which is about a fan club who are "openly gay but closeted sci-fi fans." One of Outland's creators' "research included sporadic attendances at science-fiction conventions (he admits to being a fan of Doctor Who and Star Trek), but despite the fanatical devotees, it was always the gay fans he remembered. “I don’t know what it is, but I think they’re always a little ‘extra-obsessive.’ They have to collect the full set of Doctor Who dollies. The gays, we get a little bit too excited about things sometimes, I think."

    If you are a sports fan, part of a fan club or love comics, why not contribute to Fanlore? Additions are welcome from all fans.

    We want your suggestions! If you know of an essay, video, article, event, or link you think we should know about, comment on the most recent Links Roundup — on transformativeworks.org, LJ, or DW — or give @OTW_News a shoutout on Twitter. Links are welcome in all languages!

    Submitting a link doesn't guarantee that it will be included in a roundup post, and inclusion of a link doesn't mean that it is endorsed by the OTW.

  • Links roundup for 15 February 2012

    By Claudia Rebaza on Wednesday, 15 February 2012 - 8:00pm
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    Here's a roundup of perspectives on fans stories that might be of interest to fans:

    • The CW has greenlit the pilot for Cult, a story focusing on fans of a cult show committing murders. The story was based on the writer's experience with Farscape. ""When I first conceived “Cult” it came out of that. I thought, what if the show wasn’t something like “Farscape,” a science fiction show that had a slight amount of edge but was essentially an entertainment? What if it was a show that was darker, had darker elements? What kind of fan base would grow up out of that, especially considering the anonymity of the internet? It would potentially yield a very interesting opportunity for some very strange people to connect with the show. So that’s where it all began.""
    • The newspaper The Guardian recently ran two different negative pieces about genre fiction the first discussing how eReaders both hide and reveal reading tastes and the second bemoaning how mainstreaming sci-fi/fantasy stories has created boring TV and films. Fangirl Unleashed countered the latter and suggested sexism had a hand in these negative views. "In the same way that female-centric films are ghettoised as ‘chick flicks’, ‘syfy’ (as the new label has it) is dismissed as romanticised/infantilised nonsense." In addition "It doesn’t help that some writers refuse to accept the genre label, because their work is ‘serious’, fostering an insidious Catch 22 – serious work isn’t science fiction, so science fiction can’t be serious. Authors like Margaret Atwood and Kazuo Ishiguro write about clones and worlds where women are sold as incubators, but it’s an allegory, not science fiction, so that’s alright, they’re still proper writers."
    • The MarySue recently deconstructed how role-playing games represent women and limit the interactions actual female players can have onscreen. "The Hey Sweetheart Scenario is one that plays out with female protagonists, and it pops up all over the place. It’s usually very subtle, presenting itself as a bit of throw-away dialogue separate from the main plot." After examining how this occurs and who it might be targeted to, the author suggests that the main culprit is lazy writing. "Raise your hand if you’ve ever played a game/seen a movie/read a book wherein the heroine’s desire to fight stems from her anger towards men, particularly where a male abuser is concerned. It’s a trope as old as the hills, and it drips with lazy, one-dimensional storytelling. A real heroine doesn’t need to be goaded into action by ill-mannered men. Just let her save the day. That’s more than enough evidence that she’s a badass."

    If you play RPGs, are a Farscape fan, are a fan of cult TV shows or read science fiction, why not contribute to Fanlore? Additions are welcome from all fans.

    We want your suggestions! If you know of an essay, video, article, event, or link you think we should know about, comment on the most recent Links Roundup — on transformativeworks.org, LJ, or DW — or give @OTW_News a shoutout on Twitter. Links are welcome in all languages!

    Submitting a link doesn't guarantee that it will be included in a roundup post, and inclusion of a link doesn't mean that it is endorsed by the OTW.

  • Links roundup for 30 January 2012

    By Claudia Rebaza on Monday, 30 January 2012 - 5:48pm
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    Here's a roundup of stories on collaborative fan activity that might be of interest to fans:

    • Comic Book Movie announced that ""The Batman" will be a FANMADE series released on the internet" and asked for suggestions from fans as to the animated movie's content.
    • Soaps.com asks for contributions for fan fiction citing the many stalled storylines of cancelled soap series. "We’ve lost so many of our soap operas in the past few years. Fans are missing the soap characters they’ve grown accustomed to seeing each day over the years. With that in mind, Soaps.com decided to bring your beloved characters, and not so beloved characters back to life via Fan Fiction."
    • Unleash the Fanboy announced that a new Star Wars fan film was "groundbreaking" because "a group of Spanish-speaking fanboys made a Star Wars themed flick about two lovers…who happen to be stormtroopers."
    • The MarySue posted about how a fan film had topped the annual recommendations made by those in the entertainment industry. "Much like The Black List, the Viewfinder List recognizes short form video content and the up and coming helmers responsible for it.”" The live-action short film, Portal: No Escape, got the most recommendations. "Even if you don’t play the video game it’s based on, it’s a really spectacular thing to watch."
    • Lastly, Think Progress took note of collaborative fan action on a different front, that of speaking out against SOPA. "I suspect that as fandom becomes an increasingly important basis for identity or community, we’ll see more work and organizations along these lines where the values that motivate service are drawn less explicitly from political parties or religious faith and more from powerful fictional texts."

    If you write fan fiction are part of Batman, gaming, or soap opera fandom, or have taken a stand against SOPA, why not contribute your fandom experience to Fanlore? Additions are welcome from all fans.

    We want your suggestions! If you know of an essay, video, article, event, or link you think we should know about, comment on the most recent Links Roundup — on transformativeworks.org, LJ, or DW — or give @OTW_News a shoutout on Twitter. Links are welcome in all languages!

    Submitting a link doesn't guarantee that it will be included in a roundup post, and inclusion of a link doesn't mean that it is endorsed by the OTW.

  • Links roundup for 27 January 2012

    By Claudia Rebaza on Friday, 27 January 2012 - 8:37pm
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    Here's a roundup of stories on sports fandom that might be of interest to fans:

    • Jane Dough cited a study on football viewership that revealed "Women, actually, love watching football. More than they like Grey’s Anatomy, Desperate Housewives, and American Idol. So pipe down, imaginary husbands and whiny beer commercials. Sunday Night Football is the third most popular primetime show among adult women." These current numbers demonstrate a continuity from the fandom's early days discussed in Football Girl. "Similar to the matinee girl, the football girl was a common subject of male journalistic curiosity. That someone of the "fairer sex" (gender stereotypes of women as emotional, overly-sensitive, and nurturing were alive and well in the 1900s) would be interested in watching a competitive match involving "brute" physical force was both titillating and confounding for many male writers."
    • Sadly not much has changed in sports media depictions. Baseball Nation took the show MLB Fan Cave to task on its treatment of women. "In the last few years, many media outlets have reported that women now comprise 45-47 percent of all baseball fans, making it the most gender-balanced of the four main professional sports." Yet the women who do appear on the show are there primarily for gratuitous appeal to male viewers. "The 2011 version of the Fan Cave offered nothing for the score-keeping, numbers-crunching, roster-watching woman fan. Well, if you don't count insults to her baseball intelligence."
    • The Baltimore Sports Report wrote about the personal connections in sports merchandise. "This holiday season, I am sure anyone reading this will probably wind up getting a sports-related gift of some kind, but I encourage you to consider it more than an overpriced logo or even a way to show off your team. It is a reflection of where you are in life, what you care about, and what you value. I was a UVa fan because of what I thought they represented (way in the past now, mind you), and my Dad went nuts for that jersey not just because he loved the Ravens but because he felt a meaningful and permanent connection with the city of Baltimore."
    • Meanwhile, the Baltimore Sun reported on baseball fan get-togethers which included everything from conversation and trivia games to guest lecturers. "He and his fellow conversationalists are looking forward to the next "Talkin' Baseball" on Jan. 14, when Maryland author Bob Luke is scheduled to discuss his latest book, "The Most Famous Woman in Baseball: Effa Manley and the Negro Leagues."" Manley is "the first (and still only) woman admitted to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 2006. Her story is one of a million threads in the fabric of baseball, which people such as Paulson see as a game but always, in addition, something bigger. "You never run out of things to talk about," he says."

    If you take part in a sports fandom, why not contribute to Fanlore? Additions are welcome from all fans.

    We want your suggestions! If you know of an essay, video, article, event, or link you think we should know about, comment on the most recent Links Roundup — on transformativeworks.org, LJ, or DW — or give @OTW_News a shoutout on Twitter. Links are welcome in all languages!

    Submitting a link doesn't guarantee that it will be included in a roundup post, and inclusion of a link doesn't mean that it is endorsed by the OTW.

  • Links roundup for 25 January 2012

    By Claudia Rebaza on Thursday, 26 January 2012 - 12:12am
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    Here's a roundup of stories on female fandom that might be of interest to fans:

    • FemPop claimed that Women Geeks Rule. "Male geeks are the “real geeks” right? The rare female geek who share [sic] the same interest is a girl geek first and a geek second. But according to this infographic male geeks and the fandoms they are most commonly associated with are in the minority. Between them Harry Potter and Twilight fandoms have more than 51 million fans on Facebook. That’s six times as many fans as Doctor Who, Pokemon, Star Wars and Star Trek combined. By sheer numbers female dominated fandoms rule the earth." The MarySue also pulled out some evidence when pointing out that men and women were equally interested in genre films. "Perhaps Hollywood will see this and realize they don’t need to subscribe to the school of thought that men and women like opposite things."
    • FemPop was certainly right in suggesting that men are the ones thought of when it comes to fandom, by both the media and the men themselves. In his first column for NextMovie.com the author of "Planet Fanboy" wrote "And lest you think you lack the cred to attain true geek glory, I'm here to inform you that all are welcome. Seriously, the more we let in the club, the more likely someone is to introduce us to their sister." Apparently sisters themselves could not possibly be part of the audience. Similarly, while Unleash the Fanboy (as opposed to just Fan) hosted a column about girl geek myths they also managed to be derogatory about older women in a column about fandom knitting. "At one time in our lives, knitters were the most despised people in the world. Mostly comprised of grandmothers and other matronly figures, they would force us to adorn ourselves in ridiculously embarrassing attire that their hands had diabolically fashioned."
    • By contrast, The Fangirl Next Door created a podcast on women who are part of the Star Wars franchise adding, "I must make a point to mention that you do not have to be a Star Wars fan for this podcast to hit home. This particular episode is all about empowerment."

    If you take part in Star Wars or any other fandom, why not contribute to Fanlore? Additions are welcome from all fans.

    We want your suggestions! If you know of an essay, video, article, event, or link you think we should know about, comment on the most recent Links Roundup — on transformativeworks.org, LJ, or DW — or give @OTW_News a shoutout on Twitter. Links are welcome in all languages!

    Submitting a link doesn't guarantee that it will be included in a roundup post, and inclusion of a link doesn't mean that it is endorsed by the OTW.

  • Links roundup for 13 January 2012

    By Claudia Rebaza on Friday, 13 January 2012 - 9:09pm
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    Here's a roundup of stories on freedom of expression through fanfic that might be of interest to fans:

    • A presentation about stylometry discussed how the new tool Anonymouth could de-anonymize online users and serve as a challenge to "the balance of power between trolls and moderators, between dissidents and dictators, between employers and whistleblowers, between astroturfers and commenters, and between spammers and filters." However, something else was on the mind of some audience members: "a questioner asked whether Anonymouth's methods could be used by, say, fanfic authors to make their writing style match the author whose universe they're dabbling in" suggesting that the tool could be used to anonymize authors as well as reveal them.
    • AfterEllen looked instead at femslash when asking "Does lesbian subtext still matter?". Citing the period between Xena and Rizzoli & Isles, the author noted, "Both dynamic duos have produced fervent fandoms committed to creating alternate narratives in fan fiction and fan videos, as well scrutinizing every touch and word exchanged between the characters." These fictional worlds are still of great importance to people whose own worlds deny the existence reflected in fan fiction. "Subtext matters because it creates a virtual playground for lesbian fans to interact with each other on fan forums and Twitter and Tumblr and in the comments sections of the greatest lesbian entertainment website in the world. It matters because lesbians can use that subtext, that chemistry between two female characters, to create their own versions of the story. And it matters because subtext is a gateway drug for main text."
    • An article on the GayNewsNetwork had a similar take on the importance of slash. "Slash is about seeing the whole world through queer eyes. While most mainstream entertainment is still as straight as a lightsabre, slash allows anyone and everyone to be queer. For once, we can be the heroes." However, fan fiction is seen as welcoming more than queer desires. "There's a great tradition in fandom that admonishes kink shaming - that is to demean or label unacceptable something which another fan fetishizes. Dark desires from the crusty corners of your id are not only allowed a space but encouraged. In fandom, I have discovered kinks not only that I didn't know I had but that I didn't know even existed."

    If you write or read fan fiction whether about Xena and Gabrielle, or Rizzoli & Isles, why not contribute your fandom experience to Fanlore? Additions are welcome from all fans.

    We want your suggestions! If you know of an essay, video, article, event, or link you think we should know about, comment on the most recent Links Roundup — on transformativeworks.org, LJ, or DW — or give @OTW_News a shoutout on Twitter. Links are welcome in all languages!

    Submitting a link doesn't guarantee that it will be included in a roundup post, and inclusion of a link doesn't mean that it is endorsed by the OTW.

  • Links roundup for 9 January 2012

    By Claudia Rebaza on Monday, 9 January 2012 - 5:22pm
    Message type:

    Here's a roundup of stories on female fandom that might be of interest to fans:

    • While some news coverage celebrates womens' achievements when it comes to their fan activities and occasionally even spotlights the presence of women in fandom, other news stories reflect how women and girls continue to be an afterthought when it comes to fannish activities and products. What's worse, some coverage reflects sexist tendencies when women are the featured fans.
    • In a discussion of Korean pop fandom groups this piece reveals a paternalistic tone in approving of new fan practices that have a charitable bent. While spotlighting contributions of rice wreaths in lieu of flowers and community service work in the name of favorite artists, the reporter suggests that "the existence of fan clubs and fandom was not seen in a positive light. It was seen as a community problem, a phenomenon created by delinquent kids who ditch school." The piece suggests that "Fandom slowly matured as adults began to join the communities, balancing out the passions of teenage fans" and the reporter concludes that "experts say fans must maintain this energy and not let it become competitive with rival fans and neglect the initial objectives of these philanthropic actions."
    • By contrast, this piece in Gawker on Justin Bieber fans highlighted fans' collective commercial action in promoting the singer through the use of organized CD buyouts. While the reporter was focused on the potential commercial exploitation of teenagers, he also noticed an ugly undercurrent from bystanders. "Grown men seemed particularly put off, shouting things they would never think of saying to a single 13-year-old girl. "Move, you fat bitch!" said one enormous middle aged man as he struggled upstream against the Lilliputian mob." This sentiment was echoed in comments to the piece, such as "I never understood how girls obsess over "teen idols" past middle school age. Shouldn't you just be getting it on with your real boyfriend by then?"
    • The suggestion that female fandom misplaces attention owed to nearby men is also reflected in this story about porn star James Deen. "When men do weigh in on Deen, “it’s always these really asshole-ish comments only coming from guys who are clearly super butthurt that girls actually like a porn star for once,” one Deen blogger writes about the negative feedback she’s received from men." Along with feelings of competition there are feelings of territoriality. "When Dunn wrote about Deen on her blog, her male friends were unimpressed. "They thought it was blowing up their spot,” Dunn says. “It was shining a light on something that was supposed to be secret and just for them.”" While female interest in porn is hardly new, the Internet is certainly making it more difficult to overlook women's participation in all spaces. "For his teenage fans, James Deen is a window to a world of sexual expression that had previously been no-girls-allowed. For many, it’s an aspect of their sexuality that they’re exploring exclusively on the internet."

    If you are are in K-pop fandom, take part in charity drives, or are a Justin Bieber fan, why not contribute to Fanlore? Additions are welcome from all fans.

    We want your suggestions! If you know of an essay, video, article, event, or link you think we should know about, comment on the most recent Links Roundup — on transformativeworks.org, LJ, or DW — or give @OTW_News a shoutout on Twitter. Links are welcome in all languages!

    Submitting a link doesn't guarantee that it will be included in a roundup post, and inclusion of a link doesn't mean that it is endorsed by the OTW.

  • Links Roundup for 14 December 2011

    By Claudia Rebaza on Wednesday, 14 December 2011 - 8:38pm
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    Here's a roundup of stories on use of the term "fanboy" that might be of interest to fans:

    • A number of negative stories on fanboys have cropped up recently, some placing this point of view in their title, by creating a list of offensive groups, or making an attempt to parse the difference between fan and fanboy, which has led some to wonder when this term became an epithet. While the term has never had favorable connotations, to some it has been a term that expresses general fannishness if not, as in the case of fangirls, simply a gender orientation.
    • While the hostility toward fanboys is nothing to envy, a more widespread use of this gendered term seems to be increasing the erasure of women as fans. An example is press reaction to the recent Samsung ad that mocked Apple users. There were numerous news stories surrounding it, beginning around November 23 and continuing for several days, extending to a variety of publications. The common factor was that all used the term "fanboy" in the title. Yet the ad itself features various women in speaking roles, using both Apple and the Samsung product, which is to be expected given that half of Apple users are women (whereas it is actually Android users that are overwhelmingly male). Even though most of the articles embedded the video in their coverage, none mentioned women's use of the product.
    • When it comes to continued negative cultural stereotypes, neither sex comes out ahead, as this review of the new TV series Geek Love at The Mary Sue points out. "Geek Love, produced by Authentic Entertainment, the lovely folks who subjected us to Toddlers & Tiaras, is planned as two, half-hour specials which if successful, could warrant an entire series." This doesn't seem promising given the examples cited. Pantozzi of The Mary Sue concludes, "I understand how television works but I also know it doesn’t have to be made for the lowest common denominator. Awkward geeks are what people expect to see. Instead of making a spectacle out of them, how about changing the way people view geeks?" Certainly some media outlets put a more positive spin on geek romance.

    If you have something to say about fanboys, fangirls, geeks, or other names in fandom, why not contribute to Fanlore? Additions are welcome from all fans.

    We want your suggestions! If you know of an essay, video, article, event, or link you think we should know about, comment on the most recent Links Roundup — on transformativeworks.org, LJ, or DW — or give @OTW_News a shoutout on Twitter. Links are welcome in all languages!

    Submitting a link doesn't guarantee that it will be included in a roundup post, and inclusion of a link doesn't mean that it is endorsed by the OTW.

  • Links Roundup for 9 December 2011

    By Claudia Rebaza on Friday, 9 December 2011 - 6:21pm
    Message type:

    Here's a roundup of stories on fan behavior that might be of interest to fans:

    • The upcoming release of Hunger Games has brought a new case of fan outrage over film casting. In a post at Blogher, one writer examines fan commentary "when the characters they had imagined in their minds did not look the same as the actors who will portray them in the film." After examining specific examples the blogger concludes, "the most telling issue about these comments is how people have envisioned these characters, not because of how they were described in the book but because of how they see the world."
    • The world of sports has also had controversies regarding racial attitudes embedded in team names and fan practices. In this post about University of Kansas sports fandom, a Missouri Tigers fan focuses on the "slaver" taunt used by fans and examines its historical accuracy, concluding "Perhaps someday the classier and more enlightened segment of the KU fan base will evolve into a majority that relegates the “slaver” taunt to the trash can where it belongs."
    • As this post by a sports journalist points out, however, some fans are more defined by their opposition to things than support. Discussing attendance at a football game while wearing a hockey jersey the writer found himself in an uncomfortable atmosphere. "When did we get so callous as a fan base? When did it become unacceptable to wear Denver sports gear to a Denver sports game? At the game, the crowd itself was divided. Fans in Terrell Davis jerseys yelling at fans in Tebow jerseys, fights breaking out in the stands only to be broken up by police officers."
    • A different controversy broke out in Supernatural fandom over fictional fans. Various bloggers offered opinions on the portrayal of slash fandom through the character of Becky Rosen, a recurring character in the series. One blogger attempted to start a conversation among fans asking why Becky was so hated, venturing "While it’s difficult to see yourself in a TV character especially when it’s not the most flattering light, Becky (while a mockery) is just another playful jab at the fandom in its entirety. Why do I love Becky? She is devoted to her fandom. No one can say that Supernatural fans aren’t rabid and defensive of the show, their “ships”, or their characters...Becky personifies that, why not embrace her?"

    If you are part of Supernatural fandom, are a football fan, or have stories about race and fandom, racebending, or anti-fandom why not post about them in Fanlore? Additions are welcome from all fans.

    We want your suggestions! If you know of an essay, video, article, event, or link you think we should know about, comment on the most recent Links Roundup — on transformativeworks.org, LJ, or DW — or give @OTW_News a shoutout on Twitter. Links are welcome in all languages!

    Submitting a link doesn't guarantee that it will be included in a roundup post, and inclusion of a link doesn't mean that it is endorsed by the OTW.

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